To date, international criminal law has failed to recognise the criminal liability of corporations. Although nowadays models of corporate criminal responsibility can be found in most domestic jurisdictions, the international criminal system still operates on the premise of individual criminal responsibility. At the moment, none of the statutes of the international criminal tribunals, of which the International Criminal Court is the most well-known, recognise corporations as possible defendants to allegations of serious violations of international law. Recently, however, suggestions have been made to reform the Statute of the International Criminal Court to accommodate the concept of corporate criminal liability.
the international legal system is slowly but surely moving toward a broader acceptance of corporate criminal liability
In the past, efforts to introduce corporate criminal liability at the international level have been met with resistance, mostly due to the existence of divergent approaches to corporate criminal liability among national jurisdictions. Notably, at the 1998 Rome Conference for the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, an attempt to include corporations and other legal entities in the jurisdiction ratione personae of the court failed to find the necessary support by states representatives. During the preparatory works, the French plenipotentiaries submitted a proposal to extend the Court jurisdiction also to legal entities “if the crime was committed on their behalf or by their officials”. The proposal was limited to private corporations as opposed to state and public corporations and was linked to the individual criminal responsibility of a leading member of a corporation who was in a position of control and committed the crimes, acting on behalf of and with the explicit consent of the corporation in the course of its activities. Unfortunately, delegates failed to reach an agreement and, in the end, the proposal was withdrawn by the French delegation when it became clear that there was no possibility that it could be adopted by consensus.
Notwithstanding this failure, the idea of holding corporations criminally accountable under international criminal law has remained at the centre of the international debate. Recent developments demonstrate more openness toward the recognition of corporate criminal liability at the international level. Two initiatives, in particular, are worth mentioning. The first concerns the adoption in June 2014 of the Malabo Protocol by the Member States of the African Union. The Protocol, though not yet in force, amends the Statute of the (proposed) African Court of Justice and Human Rights to extend the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae to a number of international and transnational crimes and to include corporations among the possible defendants. The second regards the inclusion, in 2016, of a specific provision on corporate criminal liability in the Draft Articles on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity, currently under consideration by the UN International Law Commission. It is still to be seen whether the provision on corporate liability will make it to the final draft. Nonetheless, its adoption in first reading represents already a major development in the field of corporate criminal liability for international crimes.
These initiatives seem to suggest that the international legal system is slowly but surely moving toward a broader acceptance of corporate criminal liability for international crimes. While for now, individual criminal liability remains the pillar of international criminal law, there may be room for corporate criminal liability in the future.
Editors’ Note: This post first appeared on the Kingsley Napley Blog, following on from the Kingsley Napley International Conference 2018 panel debate on “Considering corporate liability for human rights abuses and international crimes, now and in the future.” It is reproduced with permission and thanks.
ALESSANDRA DE TOMMASO
Alessandra de Tommaso is a PhD student and lecturer in International Human Rights Law at the Middlesex Universit,y London. She received a 5-year degree in Law from the University of Roma Tre and a master’s degree in International Crimes and Justice from the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, and previously worked as a lawyer in civil litigation.
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